The sacrum is the lower most segment of the vertebral column and also forms the posterior wall of the bony pelvis. This model shows lumbar spondylo-degenerative changes manifested by marginal osteophytic lipping. The lumbar spine facet joints allows limited movements and rotation. They are convex anteriorly to form a lumbar lordosis. The lumbar spine represents the mid-lower segment of the vertebral column and is composed of five adjacent vertebrae. The vertebrae forming the dorsal spine are unique in shape as they are the only vertebral bodies articulating with ribs. The dorsal spine is formed by twelve vertebral bodies. The dorsal (thoracic) spine forms the middle portion of the vertebral column extending below the seventh cervical vertebra to above the first lumbar vertebra.
Oval shaped vertebral bodies with wide vertebral arch, large vertebral foramina and long spinous processes. The cervical spines are usually seven and the main function is to support the skull and to protect the spinal cord.Īpart from the first cervical vertebra (atlas) and the second vertebra (axis), the other vertebral bodies share a general anatomical appearance: The cervical spine is the upper most spines forming the spinal column, extending from the skull base to the level of the thoracic vertebra (the spines with attached ribs).
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